ImpactU Versión 3.11.2 Última actualización: Interfaz de Usuario: 16/10/2025 Base de Datos: 29/08/2025 Hecho en Colombia
La apropiación de la órbita terrestre baja (LEO) por Starlink y Amazon: Retos del derecho internacional en materia del acceso equitativo a los recursos del servicio de Internet satelital
Commercial activity in space has become one of the fastest growing businesses on Earth (NASA, 2020). In recent years, different private actors, such as SpaceX -Starlink- and Amazon -with the Kuiper project-, have launched Internet satellites into low Earth orbit (LEO)1 in order to overcome local infrastructure barriers by generating a connection of global satellite Internet. LEO is a limited resource that is part of outer space. This is located between the atmosphere and the Van Allen belt, between 120 km and 2000 km (Ibañez, 2023), allowing a fast macro latency service desired by those interested in the satellite Internet business (Rodriguez, 2022). Its legal framework includes the Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1967), the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of the States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (1963) and the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and Interest of All States, Taking Special Account of the Needs of Developing Countries (1996) . Likewise, the provisions, regulations and resolutions of different international organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), the United Nations Commission for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and the internal regulation of the States.Currently, according to figures updated as of December 2023 provided by UNOOSA, the following Internet satellites have been launched by the aforementioned actors: i) Starlink 5,521 and, ii) Amazon 2. Therefore, through licenses and registrations of Internet satellites , private actors compete for the appropriation of immense portions of LEO, “generating a kind of 'new space race' where the principle of first in time, first in right applies” (Johnson, 2020). discuss is International Space Law and its active role in structuring the appropriation of LEO by private actors, who, driven by their domestic legislation, are the main traders of LEO. Thus, we will seek to reflect on the scope of the parameters contemplated in the law. Treaty on the principles that should govern the activities of States in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies (1967) - hereinafter Space Treaty - and its incorporation into the US national legal system in accordance with the interests economic benefits of its private actors at the expense of the rights and needs of less developed countries. The above, in order to demonstrate how International Law has been interpreted and directed towards the expansion of capitalist interests in the LEO as a new “market” (Natarajan, 2023).