In a post-pandemic context, articulated to the climate crisis and the emergence of war crisis scenarios, with potential implications for food security, loss of democracy and AI surveillance, the call for educational reflection is evident. This should take into account sustainable development, the SDG-2030, global, scientific and environmental citizenship, from approaches such as socio-scientific and environmental issues and the inclusion of ICT and AI in education, among others, which would have the challenge of ensuring a relevant and inclusive education and the promotion of learning opportunities for all in a context of informed and democratic participation. In the emphasis on Science Education of the Interinstitutional Doctorate in Education, at the Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, this educational challenge motivated to propose and develop the “XVII Doctoral Chair in Education and Pedagogy”, which aimed to think about the challenges and opportunities of various training proposals that take into account the problems described. This book is the result of different reflections on the question: is science and mathematics education being thought of in the face of these challenges, which are emergencies that threaten our planet and generate educational challenges at the pedagogical and didactic levels?