In September 2000, world leaders assembled in New York to sign the Millennium Declaration to address some of the greatest moral dilemmas of our times—unequal global health, poverty, and inequities in development—and to establish a set of interrelated goals and targets to be met by 2015. Key goals included the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 targeting a reduction in mortality among children younger than 5 years of age by two thirds and MDG 5 targeting a reduction in maternal mortality by three quarters, both from 1990