The substantive findings in Chapters 6–17 are synthesized and reviewed in this and the following chapter, which draw heavily on Walker et al., 2014. Findings are synthesized from two perspectives: a cross-sectional analysis across the 20 crops in 2009–2011 and a before-and-after comparison with the 1998 benchmark and the 2009–2011 data. Findings in this chapter are organized from the evaluation framework of inputs and outputs that was described in Chapter 3. Hypotheses from that chapter are revisited at the end of each