The notion of quantum black hole is illustrated in the context of Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime, based on the consideration of eects quantum in the vicinity of black holes. For this, the intuitive image of a black hole is introduced in the Newtonian framework, complemented by the causal structure of the Theory of Relativity. In this scenario, the Hawking eect and the threat to quantum mechanics are described due to the possible loss of information inside black holes. Finally, the paradoxes that have arisen until today about the impossible marriage between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, keys to nd the path to quantum gravity, are discussed.