Poverty is a calamity that affects millions of people in the world. The implication of hardship environments on the development of the central nervous system has been studied for more than seven decades. However, there aren’t enough publications about this subject in Spanish language. For this reason, in this work, an extensive review of this topic literature was developed. Additionally, the results of this reviewed were condensed into a written work in which all current evidence (from neurosciences and puericulture) about the implications of poverty in the brain development were exposed, as well as the mechanisms and the possibilities of resilience. Finally, the aim of this work is to serve as a reference material and historical memory for next generations.