The main purpose of this paper is to identify the role that educational institutions play in society, taking into account that these are the trainers of people over time, who face different teaching and learning processes overcoming difficulties. It will be possible to show how critical thinking develops in learners, which they forge according to the learning and experiences they face in the daily environment, showing what and how some of the implementations they have to adapt to a critical context where they must clearly develop objectivity, analysis and critical thinking in their students. This one has as main objective to develop the critical thought in the students of the fourth grade of the educational Institution La Esmeralda headquarters Los Alpes of the Municipality of Puerto Rico department of the Caqueta from socially relevant problems, by means of the application of a didactic unit. It will be possible to observe different aspects of learning through didactic interventions, showing the difficulties, identifying assertions and problematic situations that describe alternative solutions based on the representation and appropriation of these situations.