This article presents the results of the first two stages of the research Roles of one-parent-families when raising children in preschool age, this stage is called Approaches and developments in the field and had took one year (2011 - 2012), in agreement with the findings of the first stage, we identify the consensus and dissent on the issue of the family versus the families, working with ideas of authors such as Guiddens (2000), Puyana (2007), Gutierrez (2003) among others, which are a basis to establish some fundamental elements, from the economic, socio-political and cultural contexts which have marked the transformations of relations, roles and responsibilities among family members, as well as relational changes with social institutions responsible for early childhood care, including the most outstanding, the school, according to the functionalist approach of Durkheim and Bourdieu, and discussion of Latin American authors as Tenti.