Paramos and high mountain ecosystems are widely recognized in Colombia due to their distinguished value in biological and social terms, as well as their relevance in the supply of ecosystem services. The valuation presented here is founded on both scientific and traditional knowledge, in addition to the recent legal framework of the last decade. Although civil society and the high courts have played fundamental roles in the development of public policy for the conservation of such ecosystems, the close relation of society with these ecosystems is often overlooked. Through figures such as productive activities and the establishment of governmental land-use planning figures and social organizations, communities have been using such ecosystems during decades and in some cases centuries. Additionally, paramos are affected by global climate change. This document makes contributions towards the formulation of an integrated perspective about the territorial dynamics of the Colombian paramo and high mountain ecosystems, their present state, and future trends of change. For this purpose, the areas of paramo complexes inside the Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas (National System of Protected Areas—Sinap for its initials in Spanish) and collective territories are identified, along with some of the challenges for land use planning and the conflicts associated with mining, agriculture, and cattle raising. These elements are analyzed to establish opportunities and difficulties in environmental governance of biodiversity and ecosystem services, a subject that is especially relevant in the scenario of the implementation of peace agreements in the country.