Objective: Recognize the conditions of Safety and Health at Work as they are perceived by the Colombian working population. Methodology: The II National Survey on Occupational Health and Safety Conditions was administered to 3284 workers (1238 at work centers and 2046 in homes). Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. Results: We explored workers' perceptions regarding the psychosocial factors of work, as well as their relationship with health conditions. The main findings were: Average hours worked ranged between 7 and 8 (40.70%), followed by 9 and 12 hours (34.82%). Construction, health, commerce, agriculture and transport were the activities with longer working days. Regarding the cognitive load, the findings showed that 36% of workers required to take care of several tasks at the same time, and 47.47% must maintain a high level of attention. More than 60% of the respondents must attend to users, and 15% expressed emotional load related to the need of hiding their own emotions. Half of the workers felt that they had enough time to complete their tasks; however, 43% said they needed to work very fast or under strict deadlines. Regarding the latitude of decision at work, three quarters of them considered that they could decide on tasks order, rhythm, the distribution and length of pauses. As far as social support within the work, 76% considered they could get help from their co-workers and 90% rated relationships with others as positive. 11% reported workplace harassment by their superiors. Close to 80% of them consider their health to be good or very good; however, about 12% of people find their cognitive and coping performance affected in the last four weeks, which is an important input for developing strategies to promote mental health and prevention of mental disorders. The national characterization of psychosocial factors at work allowed us to draw up a set of intervention strategies that were consolidated into thirteen intervention protocols for national application, six of them for critical economic sectors, six to guide employers on how to handle the effects of chronic exposure to stressful conditions, and one with general actions for health promotion and prevention of mental disorders in the workplace, which are being turned into a public policy through a Decree to be issued by the Ministry of Labor. Conclusions: The information provided by formal and informal workers in urban areas of the country made allowed us to characterize the national reality of health and safety conditions of the Colombian working population, and in turn facilitated formulating the 2013 - 2031 National Plan for Occupational Safety and Health, as well as protocols for mandatory psychosocial intervention.