The Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LCPUFA) are essential substances for brain growth period, it have also potential effects on the prevention of chronic diseases, allergic and immune system modulation. The maternal diet, genetical predisposition and geographical variability, influence the levels of these substances transferred to the children during pregnancy and lactation. Until now, the evidence is controversial with regard to supplementation with these substances to improve child´s neurodevelopment. Therefore, from the systematic review conducted by one of the authors in 2010, this article reviews the current evidence on the subject.