Resumen El sistema nervioso es un sistema cerrado pero, a la vez, muy dinamico, que asimila, reorganiza, y modifica los mecanismos biologicos, bioquimicos y fisiologicos que posee. Esta capacidad se denomina neuroplasticidad e implica cambios en el tejido neural que incluye regeneracion axonal, colateralizacion, neurogenesis, sinaptogenesis y reorganizacion funcional, entre otros mecanismos. Dichos mecanismos emplean neurotrasmisores como el N-metil-D-apartato (NMDA), el acido gama-aminobutirico (GABA), la acetilcolina o la serotonina, involucrados en la potenciacion o depresion sinaptica a corto o largo plazo, la cual puede durar horas o dias, sostenida por segundos mensajeros como el AMP ciclico, cuyos efectos pueden ser transitorios o permanentes. Estos efectos son la base de la neuromodulacion. Esta ultima genera cambios a largo plazo en la actividad metabolica neuronal y su respuesta a diversos estimulos electricos, magneticos o quimicos, empleados en la neurorehabilitacion clinica. Dicha neurorehabilitacion es una intervencion necesaria en, al menos, el 75% de los pacientes que han padecido un insulto neural, cuyo fundamento es la recuperacion funcional del paciente. Por esto, la responsabilidad de los neurologos clinicos, los neurocirujanos, los pediatras, los neuropediatras, los ortopedistas, los siquiatras y los cirujanos en general, entre otros profesionales de la salud deberia no solo proveer un diagnostico y suministrar un tratamiento medico o quirurgico, sino reorientar al paciente hacia un programa formal de neurorehabilitacion, liderado por especialistas en el area, donde le ayudaran a alcanzar una apropiada funcionabilidad, una optima neurorestauracion y una adecuada calidad de vida, incluyendo la de sus correspondientes familias. Palabras claves: neuroplasticidad, neuromodulacion, neurorehabilitacion, integracion sensorimotora, neurofisiatria Abstract The nervous system is a closed system but, at the same time, is very dynamic and able to adapt, reorganize and modify the biological, biochemical and physiological mechanisms that it poses. This ability is called neuroplasticity and implies changes in neural structures such as axonal regeneration, collateralization, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and functional reorganization, among other mechanisms. These mechanisms involve different neurotramsitters such as N-metil-D-apartate (NMDA), gama-amynobutiric acid (GABA), acetilcholine or serotonine; they are involved in short-term depression and potentiation which may last hours or days, maintained by second messengers such as cyclic AMP; its effects may be transient or permanents, and they are the basis of neuromodulation. This latter concept involves long term changes on the neuronal metabolism and its responses to electrical, magnetic or chemical stimuli are employed for neurorehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation is an intervention that must be apply in, at least, seventy five percent of patients suffering neural injuries being its main goal the functional recovery of patients. Accordingly, clinical neurologist, neurosurgeons, pediatricians, neuropediatricians, orthopedic surgeons, psychiatrist and general surgeons, among others health care professionals should offer not only a diagnosis and its corresponding medical or surgical treatment but also to reorient patients toward neurorehabilitation programs leaded by specialist properly trained in this area. This will help patients to obtain optimal functioning, better neurorestaurative condition and a more appropriate quality of life of patients and their relatives. Key Words: neuroplasticity, neuromodulation, neurorehabilitation, sensori-motor integration, neurophysiatrist