Introduction: intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is a new application of clinical neurophysiology. Through the immediate detection of functional alterations during medical or surgical procedures, it pretends to minimize the appearance of neurological lesions. Objetive: its indications in pediatric patients are enumerated. Its standard modalities are mentioned, and, current controversies on some of its most important indications are discussed. Conclusions: for the controversies selection we used the only four existent literature reviews. It is concluded, that despite such a recent application, it represents an important tool in the prevention and/or reduction of possible neurological lesions in close to 5% of medical-surgical procedures, many of these of which, are performed in pediatric patients. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (1): 7-16