Introduction: Precise knowledge of the most frequent types of renal vascular anatomical variations, as well as the adequate clinical evaluation is of great importance during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and during renal vascular reconstruction using kidney allografts with multiple vessels. Equally important is to consider the venous anatomical variations during abdominal vascular reconstruction, particularly when performing an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, because of the outstanding proportion of renal vascular variations that are associated with this pathology. In addition, it is ideal to think carefully about these variations when a pelvic congestion syndrome or hematuria diagnosis is encountered. Materials and methods: This paper reviews the incidence, diagnosis, surgical procedures, and clinical syndromes associated with renal anatomical vascular variations. We conducted this review taking into account the following Mesh terms: “Renal Artery/abnormalities”[Mesh] OR Renal Veins/abnormalities”[Mesh] AND “surgery”[Mesh] OR “ransplantation”[Mesh] OR “radiography”[Mesh] “Kidney Pelvis/abnormalities”[Mesh] AND “Kidney Pelvis/blood supply”[Mesh]. These terms were adapted with each of the database that was consulted: MEDLINE/PubMed, MEDLINE OVID, SCIENCEDIRECT, HINARI and LILACS. Development: The source and the most frequent types of the vascular anomalies of the kidney were reviewed. We investigated about the associated clinical syndromes and the surgical consequences in kidney transplant.