Summary Ileoscopy is endoscopic exploration of the ileum. It can be performed using two procedures: single or double balloon endoscopy or capsule endoscopy. We have little information about ileum pathologies in our environment. Objective: Describe findings from ileoscopies performed through colonoscopies without prior indications. Calculate the frequency of these findings. Materials and methods: 3701 reported colonoscopies performed in the Neiva University Hospital were examined between 1996 and 2009. 417 colonoscopies were selected for ileoscopies, which were performed from 29 biopsies. Results: 417 reports were included for analysis. 92.9% were normal. 7.1% (34 patients) presented pathologic characteristics. Of those 34 patients, 28 were chosen for biopsies. Tithe most frequent diagnoses were chronic inflammation (56%) and lymphoid hyperplasia (28%). No complications were reported from the use of endoscopic procedures. Conclusions: Ileoscopy is a procedure with low productivity regarding distal ileum pathologies. We cannot recommend this procedure for routine examinations. It must be practiced with discretion by specialists depending upon the availability of other methods, experience and costs.