Aim. Describe the main indicators of population structure and growth of a reading that allow descriptive and contextualized analysis of the Colombian reality, raising some guidelines that can be taken into account in the design of public policy. Materials and methods. Was used as a source of information based on 2005 census data and projections to 2010, in relation to population dynamics from its basic characteristics: fertility, deaths, migration, related to the structure, ie age and sex. Results. According to 2005 census data, Colombia inhabitants had 41,468,384 of which 51% were female and 49% male, with a population concentration in the 0 to 24. According to the crude death rate, Colombia has experienced a change in the structure due to the differential behavior of mortality according to age and sex, down from 5.95 per thousand inhabitants in the period 2000-2005 to 5,81 in 2005-2010. In Colombia, the crude birth rate has been declining since the period 1985-1990 in which he was represented by 28.8 per 1000 inhabitants, until the five years from 2005-2010 to 21.66 per 1000 inhabitants. Conclusions. The indicators analyzed allowed to have an approach to the challenges made by the Public Health in the country, challenges that have been articulated to developments in the world today and that is where it needs to develop and define policies to control population, and is therefore necessary that the government makes efforts through strategies to strengthen actions that tend to defend health as a right of all citizens.