It is generally assumed that phosphorus (P) availability for plant growth on highly weathered and P-deficient tropical soils may depend more on biologically mediated organic P (P o) turnover processes than on the release of adsorbed inorganic P (P i). However, experimental evidence showing the linkages between P o, microbial activity, P cycling and soil P availability is scarce. To test whether land-use systems with higher soil P o are characterized by greater soil biological activity and increased P mineralization, we analyzed