The species of the ant genus Nesomyrmex inhabiting the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia are reviewed. Three new species of this genus, Nesomyrmex iku sp. nov. , Nesomyrmex konina sp. nov. , and Nesomyrmex xerophilus sp. nov. , are described based on worker caste. Nesomyrmex vargasi Longino, 2006 is recorded for the first time in South America, and Nesomyrmex antoniensis (Forel, 1912) is proposed as a junior synonym of Nesomyrmex asper (Mayr, 1887). A worker-based taxonomic identification key for the Colombian species is provided. High-resolution images and illustrations, and a distribution map for the species present in the Colombian TDF are provided.