Introduction: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) require change in cybersecurity due to cyber threats and the advent of quantum computing. Despite the interest, main obstacles for adoption are cybersecurity and dynamic protection. Research seeks to characterize Cybersecurity Reference Model for CPS in Critical Infrastructures, considering limitations. Objective: To characterize the cybersecurity reference model to prevent CPS attacks in critical infrastructures in the face of the advent of quantum computing. Primary studies are analyzed to identify the development of cybersecurity in CPS. Methodology: Process includes research objectives, research questions, search strategies, inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality of studies and data. Methods such as Goal Question Metrics (GQM) and the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICO) model were used. Results: From 630 initial studies, 133 were considered relevant, and 33 primary studies were finally selected. We identified 3 types of vulnerabilities, 25 challenges, 8 types of attacks and 20 types of reasons in CPS cybersecurity in the quantum era, including impact on cryptography. There are no known attacks on CPS using quantum equipment yet, but there are potential risks. Conclusions: CPS cybersecurity in the quantum era is compromised by challenges in cryptography. Essential transition to resilient algorithms, but lack of preparedness and understanding of the cybersecurity community is a major obstacle. Emphasis on collaboration to address quantum challenges. Comprehensive response required to protect CPS in the quantum era.