Objectives: To evaluate clinical characteristics and factors associated with the presence of post-extubation croup in a pediatric population. Methods: Design. Retrospective cohort study. Scope. Patients from the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the Pablo Tobon Uribe Hospital, Medellin-Colombia, were included between 2013 and 2019. Patients or Participants. Patients who were older than 1 month or older than 44 weeks of corrected gestational age and younger than 18 years, were ventilated for more than 48 hours, and had developed extubation failure secondary to post-extubation croup, were included. Patients diagnosed with neuromuscular disease, underlying neurological pathology, and craniofacial malformations were excluded. Interventions. None. Main Variables of Interest. Size of the endotracheal tube, use of systemic steroid prior to extubation, level of sedation, time of mechanical ventilation, and fluid overload. Results: In 45 out of 96 patients with extubation failure (47%), the cause was croup. The median age was 13 months and 64% were male; the median number of days of mechanical ventilation was 8 days. By exploring the association between post-extubation croup and the use of steroids, it was found that the frequency of croup decreased with the use of steroids (p=0.025). No differences were found in the level of sedation, size of the endotracheal tube, time of mechanical ventilation, or days of steroid use prior to extubation. Mortality was 24%. Conclusions: The prior administration of systemic steroid may cause a protective effect against the development of post-extubation croup. Keywords: Croup, Laryngeal Edema, Steroids, Intubation, Extubation, Mechanical Ventilation.