This chapter presents the conclusions and a discussion on the debates developed in the book. In this regard, the chapter discusses the importance of a better understanding of how the effects of informal institutionsInstitutions are brought about, how the book engages in the analysis of racial exclusionRacial exclusion in Latin America with new historical information and approximations, and how it becomes involved in the debate over subnational disparities in Latin America, especially Colombia. Finally, the chapter makes suggestions for further work.