Sustainability has become a central pillar in the socioeconomic development of societies. After signing the 2030 Agenda, numerous states reformulated their policies to comply with the Sustainable Development Goals. Recently, the European Union modified its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which will be in effect from 2023 to 2027. The aim of this chapter is to identify the role of sustainability in the CAP during its various historical periods, as well as the main novelties and content of the strategic plans of the 2023–2027 CAP. To do so, a literature review was carried out. The economic and social aspects of sustainability have been present in all the periods of the CAP. The environmental aspect began to be observed after the McSharry Reform, with the so-called accompanying measures. From that moment on, its importance has been expanding. In the current period (2023–2027), environmental sustainability and the fight against climate change have an important role and funds from the first pillar of the CAP (around 25%) have been allocated for the first time to finance agri-environmental measures. In addition, new social measures have been incorporated, such as the guarantee of decent employment conditions in the European countryside, the granting of aid based on the fulfillment of results, and the aim to modernize farms through the implementation of new technologies.