Delirium prevention involves multifaceted strategies, targeting modiable risk factors through nonpharmacologic interventions. Orientation protocols, cognitive stimulation, sleep enhancement, early mobilization, and minimizing physical restraints are key components. Additionally, addressing medication-related risks and prompt management of medical complications are crucial preventive measures. In delirium management, identifying and treating underlying conditions, providing supportive medical care, and managing agitation are essential. Antipsychotic medications, benzodiazepines, and cholinesterase inhibitors have specic roles, with cautious consideration of potential risks. Pain management, especially with nonopioid analgesics, plays a pivotal role. Ethical considerations, including informed consent and respecting patient preferences, are integral to the treatment approach. Delirium outcomes are severe, impacting older individuals with prolonged hospitalizations, functional and cognitive decline, elevated mortality rates, and an increased risk of institutionalization. Mortality associated with delirium remains high even after adjusting for confounding factors, making it an independent marker for post-hospitalization mortality. Persistent cognitive dysfunction, particularly in those with underlying dementia, is a concerning long-term outcome.
