This article presents a taxonomy supported by a systematic literature review on the productive and sustainability approach to biodiesel production chain. The purpose of this research is to determine the competitive and productive contexts of the biodiesel production chain identified in the literature. The results of the investigation provide answers to the following questions: How is the biodiesel market and what raw materials are used for its production? What are the raw material treatment methods and production processes for oil extraction? What is the energy balance required to produce biodiesel from different raw materials? What are the carbon and hydraulic footprints of the raw materials? The most significant developments impacting the biodiesel market are the scarcity of raw materials for biodiesel production and the global decline in crude oil prices, which could hinder the market’s growth. The primary raw materials used in biodiesel production are vegetable oils, with palm oil accounting for 32%, soybean oil for 26%, and rapeseed oil for 15%. The remaining 27% comprises other raw materials, including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other virgin vegetable oils. Keywords: biodiesel production chain, production of biofuels, raw materials, systematic literature review, taxonomy. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.11.2