A bstract A search for high-mass dimuon resonance production in association with one or more b quark jets is presented. The study uses proton-proton collision data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb − 1 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Model-independent limits are derived on the number of signal events with exactly one or more than one b quark jet. Results are also interpreted in a lepton-flavor-universal model with Z′ boson couplings to a bb quark pair ( g b ), an sb quark pair ( g b δ bs ), and any same-flavor charged lepton ( g ℓ ) or neutrino pair ( g ν ), with |g ν | = |g ℓ | . For a Z′ boson with a mass $$ {m}_{{\textrm{Z}}^{\prime }} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:msub></mml:math> = 350 GeV (2 TeV) and |δ bs | &lt; 0.25, the majority of the parameter space with 0.0057 &lt; |g ℓ | &lt; 0.35 (0.25 &lt; |g ℓ | &lt; 0.43) and 0.0079 &lt; | g b | &lt; 0.46 (0.34 &lt; | g b | &lt; 0.57) is excluded at 95% confidence level. Finally, constraints are set on a Z′ model with parameters consistent with low-energy b → s ℓℓ measurements. In this scenario, most of the allowed parameter space is excluded for a Z′ boson with 350 &lt; $$ {m}_{{\textrm{Z}}^{\prime }} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:msub></mml:math> &lt; 500 GeV, while the constraints are less stringent for higher $$ {m}_{{\textrm{Z}}^{\prime }} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mo>′</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:msub></mml:math> hypotheses. This is the first dedicated search at the LHC for a high-mass dimuon resonance produced in association with multiple b quark jets, and the constraints obtained on models with this signature are the most stringent to date.