Abstract This chapter discusses humankind in outer space. Teleoperators and robots do some aspects of space exploration more efficiently; humans have advantages in other aspects. The poorly designed Space Shuttle set back both machine and human exploration. Large-scale human colonization will need faster spaceships, or large exploring O’Neill “colonies” with artificial gravity (from rotation). The obstacle to light-speed spaceships is Einstein’s velocity-addition formula, not Einstein’s mass equation. For near-relativistic spaceships, the obstacle is the gigantic amount of fuel it would carry. The Bussard ramjet would scoop hydrogen ions from space as fuel. Whitmire catalytic nuclear ramjet would be more efficient. Thorne proposes using Wheeler wormholes to travel faster than light, but his proposal is mired in time-travel paradoxes. Alcubierre argued that an engine that contracts space-time in front of the starship and expands space-time behind it (general theory of relativity) would allow the starship to go arbitrarily faster than light.