Background: Syphilis infection is increasing globally and population-based estimates are critical to informing public health response for displaced populations and host communities. We aimed to measure syphilis prevalence among Venezuelans in Colombia.Methods: Between July 2021 to February 2022, we surveyed 6,221 Venezuelan refugees and migrants in four cities in Colombia using respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Participants completed a survey and dual-rapid HIV/treponemal syphilis screening. Confirmatory laboratory-based rapid plasma reagin testing was conducted on whole blood samples. Active syphilis infection was defined as RPR titer>=1:8 and no self-reported syphilis treatment completion. We used multivariable regresson models to identify associations with active syphilis infection among subgroups.Findings: Population (RDS-weighted) prevalence of laboratory-confirmed syphilis was 5.1% (95%CI:4.6-5.6). Syphilis prevalence was 5.8% among men; lifetime sexually transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis, same-sex relationships, HIV infection, and partner number were independently associated with syphilis infection. Syphilis prevalence was 4.6% in women; correlates of infection included: lifetime STI diagnosis, food insecurity, current engagement in sex work, current pregnancy, any unsafe night in Colombia, irregular migration status, and no healthcare utilization in Colombia. 14.9% of transgender participants had syphilis infection; correlates of infection included partner number and HIV infection. 9.0% of 150 pregnant participants had syphilis infection, which was associated with lifetime STI diagnosis.Interpretation: Syphilis among Venezuelans in Colombia is high. Correlates of infection are distinct among demographic groups, spanning sexual and social vulnerabilities, suggesting tailored public health strategies.Funding: This study was supported by the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under the terms of a Cooperative Agreement (NU2GGH002000-03-01). The contents of this Article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of PEPFAR, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the US Department of Health and Human Services. This study was facilitated by the Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research, a programme funded by the National Institutes of Health (1P30AI094189).Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests.Ethical Approval: Study activities were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee at the Universidad El Bosque in Bogotá, Colombia, and the Institutional Review Board at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The protocol was also reviewed in accordance with CDC human research protection procedures.