The review article characterizes the theoretical debate between two ways of understanding the scientific process and the educational conceptions that emerge from them. Using sociocritical methodology, the sociohistorical development of a binary paradigm in the structuring of the scientific method and the need to transcend it are explored. The research results emphasize the fundamental role of a curriculum focused on the liberal arts to promote the foundation of critical and innovative knowledge from the disruptive as a necessary complement in the hyper-technological world of the 4.0 revolution.