Annual deaths caused by exposure to outdoor-indoor particulate matter air pollution are a problem currently faced by the World Health Organization. This study assessed outdoor and indoor exposure to PM10 particulate matter in the city of Riohacha (Colombia) from March 17 to April 17, 2018, in three representative sites of the urban area. A low-volume gravimetric sampler, more specifically a MiniVol Portable Air Sampler operating at 5 L/min, was used at three sampling stations. Elemental analysis was performed on a microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer (MP-AES). In total, 14 inorganic elements (Zn, Fe, Cd, V, Ca, Ni, Cu, As, Co, Pb, K, Mn, Mg, and Na) were quantified in the PM10 mass. The indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM10 ranged from 3.81 to 19.07 μg/m3 and from 17.86 to 51.35 μg/m3, respectively. The indoor/outdoor ratio of PM10 concentrations ranged from 0.213 ± 0.01 at the station with the lowest levels of PM10 to 0.360 ± 0.02 at the station with the highest levels of PM10. Chemical elements with the highest levels in PM10 were crustal elements (Ca, Na, K, Fe, Mg, As, and Co), and those with the lowest levels in PM10 were anthropogenic tracers emitted from transportation (Cd, V, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Source contributions were estimated by principal component analysis. Three factors were detected inside and three outside the stations. The emissions from motor vehicles, resuspension of road dust and marine aerosol were the major sources contributing to overall PM10 mass in Riohacha City.