In surgery, the construction of knowledge is shaped in 2 scenarios, evidence-based medicine, and experiential learning. The first has become an essential pillar in this process. Based on this, clinical practice guidelines have been developed. However, their temporality, their constant renewal and lack of individualization distance them from daily action. On the other hand, there is the construction of knowledge through vicarious and experiential learning. Its existence is linked to the beginning of medicine, and its importance is irrefutable. However, it is loaded with the «truth effect», surgical dogma and singularism. The development of a critical sense against the integration of the construction of knowledge in these scenarios is paramount and necessary to guide the surgeon in decision-making in surgical dynamism. This article explores this situation and its impact. © 2023 AEC