This paper reviews the work carried out in the field of nonlinear optics in two-dimensional and ultrathin lamellar materials, with a special focus on contributions authored and co-authored by researchers affiliated with Latin American institutions. It is shown that important and impactful contributions have emerged from Latin America, which has a consolidated and active optics community. Nonlinear optical refraction, nonlinear optical absorption, and nonlinear frequency conversion in materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus are among the reviewed themes.