The mining and electricity sectors in Colombia have undergone a radical transformation in the last 30 years. This has several explanations, including the new laws regulating it, the creation of new authorities, changes in the market model, new technologies, climate change and energy transition. This article addresses how the mining and electricity sectors have evolved over the years since 1988, both in terms of the legislation and in its institutionality. Finally, the current situation of these sectors in Colombia and the challenges they face are analysed.