Arboviruses have complex and dynamic life cycles affected by several factors, with the ability to cause spillover from sylvatic cycles such as yellow fever virus (YFV) or expand from urban to rural areas as dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV), being an important threat for human health. We aimed to explore a multidisciplinary approach to analyze arbovirus detection in vectors, along with biological and sociodemographic determinants associated with the risk of transmission in urban and rural areas in in a Colombian municipality. We visited 103 urban and 97 rural households, in each household, sociodemographic characteristics and vaccination status were registered, and adults and immature mosquitoes were collected at the intra, peri, and extra-domicile, when present forest patches were also surveyed in rural areas. In the collected mosquitoes, the natural infection by YFV, DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV was analyzed by RT-PCR. Were identified different transmission risk factors associated with a high Aedes aegypti infestation in urban area, its presence in the rural settlements, and Haemagogus janthinomys and other sylvatic mosquitoes occurring in proximity to urban limits. A high infection rate in the collected females of Aedes aegypti in urban areas YFV (5.8%), and CHIKV (58.8%), and in rural settlements DENV (33%), CHIKV (16.7%) and ZIKV (16.7%). The YFV was found also in the thorax of the sylvatic mosquitoes Hg. janthinomys (14.3%) and Aedes serratus (42.1%) collected in forest patches, %). Furthermore, we were able to discern transmission determinants associated with climatic and socioeconomic conditions, YFV vaccination status, and human practices. This approach allows us to detect and integrate factors that are generally considered independently, evidencing an early risk for YFV rural and urban outbreaks and DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV rural transmission at the study area, being a useful tool for design, and focalize prevention strategies.