Commentary It is unfortunate that, in some clinical areas, medical conditions are still treated by name and not based on the underlying pathological process.It would be odd in 2022 to treat "dropsy" instead of heart or kidney disease (2 very different causes of edema).Similarly, if the FDA had been approving drugs 150 years ago, we would have medications on label for "dementia praecox," not schizophrenia or Alzheimer disease.With the help of DSM-5, psychiatry still resides in the descriptive symptomatic world of disorders.In the United States, thanks to Freud, psychiatric symptoms became separated from medical symptoms, which made it more difficult to associate psychiatric manifestations with the underlying pathophysiology.Though the physical manifestations that parallel emotional symptoms-such as the dry mouth of anxiety, the tremor and leg weakness of fear, the constipation and blurry vision of depression, the breathing difficulty of anger, the abdominal pain of stress, the blushing of shyness, the palpitations of flashbacks, and endless others-are well known, the present classification of psychiatric disorders is blind to it.Neurochemical causes of gastrointestinal spasm or muscle tension are better researched than underlying central neurochemistry, though the same neurotransmitters drive them.Can the biochemistry of psychiatric symptoms be judged on the basis of peripheral symptoms?Can the mental manifestations be connected to biological causation, and vice versa?Would psychiatrists be better off selecting treatments Neurotransmitter-based diagnosis and treatment: A hypothesis (Part 1)Recognizing symptoms associated with serotonin and dopamine dysfunction