This chapter focuses on elucidating the various physiological and molecular components underlying abiotic stress (e.g. drought, salinity, cold and heat) responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The importance of identifying stress tolerance-related traits, elucidating the genetic basis of key traits (as major responsible genes or associated quantitative trait loci), integrating molecular biology and genomics approaches and generating better performing cultivars through breeding is discussed. The equal importance of advancing the understanding of the plant growth and yield responses to the combination of multiple abiotic stress factors is also pointed out.