Overview of the energy sector and sectoral challengesThe energy sector is responsible for the transformation and transportation of energy sources for final uses 3 (energy and nonenergy), crossing all the sectors of the economy.In Brazil, the transformation sector comprises the extraction of petroleum, natural gas and mineral coal; petroleum refining; alcohol distillation; generation of electricity; and production of coke.This chapter addresses the recent picture of the energy sector and the challenges related to the consumption of energy in Brazil.In a brief analysis, this chapter highlights uses and sources of energy consumed by each sector, such as: transportation, industry, buildings and agriculture, besides the energy sector on its own.