The aim of this chapter is to present relevant cultural aspects that a neuropsychologist should take into account in order to provide adequate service to Spanish patients and their families.In the first section, there is an introduction to the Spanish culture, which is linked to small case studies that reflect its relevance from a neuropsychological point of view.Spain is culturally complex, with different regions that maintain their own traditions and languages.For Spaniards, social relationships and family are so important that patients may prioritize some rehabilitation goals against others in order to recover their social functioning.Likewise, the complex relationship between languages and education is presented, as well as the educational and socioeconomic level of the country.In the second section, the importance of social relationships and the role of the family in the neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation, as well as the context in which the patient lives, are explored closely through RJ case.Finally, the chapter ends with a summary of the most relevant ideas to consider when assessing a Spanish patient. HistorySpain is a compendium of cultures: Iberians, Celts, Tartessians, Carthaginians, Visigoths, Romans, and Arabs have inhabited it, among others.Year 1492 was a key year when Columbus invaded America and the Catholic Monarchs expelled the Arabs from the peninsula.In 1512, Catholic Monarchs conquered the Kingdom of Navarre, unifying all the kingdoms in the peninsula and founding the basis of modern Spain.Therefore, its unitary state identity is fairly recent.After that, Spain established its empire in regions of America, Asia, Africa, and Europe until the 16th century, which marked the beginning of the progressive decline of Spain's political and economic power.In 1936, General Franco launched an uprising aimed at overthrowing the country's democratically elected Spanish Republic; this marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.In 1937, Nazi planes bombed Guernica as a rehearsal for World War II.It is considered the first air-force attack against civilians, which was repeated again during World War II (e.g., Hiroshima).This inspired Picasso's famous painting, "Guernica."In 1939, Franco won the war and began his dictatorship with political control, banning of political parties, repealing autonomies, and imposing Catholicism.Franco died in 1975, and the transition to democracy began when Adolfo Suárez became president, the Amnesty Law was approved, political parties were legalized, and the first free democratic election took place.The constitution declares Spain as a constitutional monarchy, and from then, several right-and leftwing governments have followed throughout the years.A remarkable milestone was the entry of Spain in the European Union (EU) in 1986. PeopleIn this culturally complex country, its inhabitants differ per region.For instance, Maria Jesus is from the south, where the people are considered joyful, generous, etc., the prototype of a Spaniard.Laiene, however, is from the north, where the people are considered more reserved and serious.Despite generalizations, both Diego and Juan, who came from Colombia, could notice differences between these regions when they moved to Spain.There are also common features for most Spaniards who tend to be joyful, love sharing with family and friends, and enjoy activities outside the home.Our physical contact often draws foreigners' attention.For example, during her pre-doctoral stay in Toronto, Canada, Laiene shared a house with residents of different countries.Her closest person was her friend from Venezuela.When they got home, they would hug, chat and spend the day together while roommates were silently curious and suspected there was something more than just friendship between them.We needed to clarify that for Spaniards and Latin Americans, physical contact and social relationships are very important and may not necessarily imply love interest.During clinical work, Spaniard neuropsychologists may attend to that need of physical and social contact, especially with children and the elderly.Hugs and kisses, sharing stories, etc., can be a powerful, positive reinforcer that we have found works more effectively than material reinforcements in a testing setting.