Abstract In Colombia, Streptomyces scabiei (syn. S . scabies ) is commonly believed to be the causal organism of scab disease in local potato crops. However, very little is known about this organism and about the diversity and pathogenicity of the Streptomyces species associated with potato crops in Colombia. This study, therefore, aimed to elucidate aspects regarding the diversity of these bacteria associated with potato crops in a particular region of Colombia and evaluate their pathogenicity. We obtained 33 isolates of Streptomyces from netted, superficial and deep‐pitted potato scab lesions from two main potato‐producing regions in Colombia. Of these, 17 were pathogenic based on in vitro and in planta assays. None of these isolates carried the txtA , txtB , or nec1 genes, commonly associated with pathogenicity in Streptomyces , and characteristic of the pathogenicity island (PAI). We also characterized all isolates based on phenotypic characteristics and analysed their phylogenetic relationships using the 16S rRNA, atpD , recA , rpoB , and trpB genes. The isolates were highly diverse, placed in nine clades with 15 different phenotypes. The 17 pathogenic isolates were placed into three clades, namely S . pratensis , S . xiamenensis , and unknown species. This study is a preliminary investigation towards understanding scab disease in Colombia through the study of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species present in scab disease lesions in potatoes. Also, this is the first report of Streptomyces species associated with potato tubers in Colombia.