We examined the role of municipality, household, and individual factors on body mass index (BMI) among children 5 to 18 years measured in the Colombian National Nutrition Survey of 2005 (n=7,802) and 2010 (n=10,302). We used multilevel models with municipality as level‐3 (park density and GINI inequality index as predictors), household as level‐2, child as level‐1, and BMI z‐score (BMIZ) relative to the WHO reference population as outcome. Municipality explained 3% of variability in BMIZ in 2005 and 2% in 2010. Park density (0.03 per increase in park z‐score, p<0.05) and inequality (0.05 per unit increase in GINI z‐score, p<0.01) were positively associated with BMIZ in 2010. Household level explained 40% of variability in 2005 and 31% in 2010. Wealth (0.07 and 0.12 per quintile increase) and living in an urban section of the municipality (0.24 and 0.12 vs. rural, p<0.05) were positively associated with BMIZ in both 2005 and 2010. Being part of an extended family was positively associated (0.08 vs. nuclear, p<0.01) and family size was inversely associated (−0.05 per member increase, p<0.01) with BMIZ in 2005. Age was inversely associated and being a girl was positively associated with BMIZ in both surveys. The 2005 and 2010 models differed. The positive relationship with park density and inequality is counterintuitive. The association between wealth and BMIZ differs from that observed in developed country settings.