ABSTRACT Background During the last decades several developed countries reported a decrease in the occurrence of mining injuries. Mining is a very important sector of Colombia’s economy without analyses of injuries and fatalities in mining emergencies. Objective This study describes the occurrence of mining emergencies in Colombia between 2005 and 2018, and their principal characteristics. Methods An ecological study was performed with the mining emergencies registered by the National Mining Agency between 2005 and 2018. The study described the place of occurrence, type of event, legal status and type of mines, mineral extracted, and number of injuries and fatalities. Benford’s law was used to explore the quality of the data. Results A total of 1,235 emergencies occurred, with 751 injured workers and 1,364 fatalities. The majority of emergencies were from collapses, polluted air, and explosions, most of which occurred in coal (77.41%), gold (18.06%), and emerald (1.38%) mines. Many emergencies occurred in illegal mines (27.21%), most of which were gold, construction materials, emerald, and coal. Illegal mines had a higher relative proportion of injuries and fatalities than legal mines ( p< 0.05). Mining disasters are likely to be underreported given that Benford’s Law was not satisfied. Conclusions Colombia is a country with increasing mining activity, where the occurrence of mining emergencies, injuries, and fatalities is growing. This is the first one full description of mining emergencies in Colombia with the few available data.