Neuroscience is a discipline that, supported by various areas of knowledge, scientifically and comprehensively studies the nervous system, from molecular and cellular aspects to the most advanced studies on human behavior, different conditions and diseases that affect it, as well as possible therapeutic and rehabilitation approaches. The brain constitutes a great mystery for humanity to the point of being considered a black box, a sealed unit, and very difficult to study. This work presents the history of different topics related to neuroscience, addressing each one from its first mentions until the end of the 20th century, leaving new developments for those interested in the contemporary aspects of this discipline. The topics studied include a brief history of the brain, nervous tissue, neurotransmitters, neurology, neurosurgery, and pediatric neurology, as well as different conditions that compromise the nervous system: epilepsy, migraine, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It is complemented by two annexes: one on etymology and neuroscience, and the other one on researchers who have been awarded the Nobel Prize for their great contributions to the discipline.