For approximately 50 years, artificial neural networks have been playing a decisive role in the technological advances of the world, however, their application in the treatment of satellite images has not reached the expected potential since researchers have had to face to several problems such as object recognition, classification and semantic segmentation in images of low spatial resolution due to the high costs generated by building an optimal training and testing data set. This article presents the systematic review of large research literature and the most relevant papers presented in the last decade. The main sources chosen for the review were the IEEE digital library, the indexing of the SCOPUS system database and the Science Direct repository, with a total search of 386 articles related to the case study that after applying different filters, Inclusion and exclusion criteria are deepened in detail with 30 of them, finding an ascending scale in the amount of research developed in recent years, demonstrating the great interest and growth of this type of artificial intelligence technique.