The climate crisis poses severe threats to economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR). Mitigation failure (inability to contain emissions) threatens ecosystems and constitutes a risk or violation of the ESCR of current and future humans. Adaptation failure (lack of action to protect those already at risk) is a breach of their economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR). But climate mitigation and adaptation measures may themselves also threaten ESCR: closing of high-emission industries may cause job and livelihood loss; new, green energy sources (hydroelectric dams, windmills, soybean farms) and deforestation-prevention programs may cause displacement and culture loss. Litigation is increasingly important as a strategy to force action to address the climate crisis. Cases are lodged before domestic and international courts and tribunals across the globe to force climate mitigation policies, compliance with existing rules and more equitable policies for climate adaptation. This chapter outlines the emergence of climate litigation and the role of ESCR within it and develops a typology of cases using ESCR claims in climate litigation, discussing the potential and challenges with each type, and the ways forward.