Background: It is suggested that history of periodontal disease can be considered a risk factor for the occurrence of peri-implant complications. The evidence concerning clinical and radiographic outcomes of short and ultrashort implants placed in patients with treated periodontitis is currently scarce. Aim/Hypothesis: The aim of this 3-year retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant complications in short and ultra-short locking-taper implants, placed in the maxillary and mandibular posterior regions of patients with and without a history of periodontal disease (PP and NPP respectively). Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 326 implants placed in the edentulous posterior jaws of 140 patients and restored with single crowns. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at three-year recall appointments. Cumulative survival rate, crestal bone level variations, and soft tissues conditions were assessed. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results: 325 implants (one early failure) were examined three years after loading in 139 patients. No significant differences (P = 0.41) were found for implant-length distribution between PP and NPP, which were represented respectively by: 43.75% and 38.46% in 8.0 mm-length, 35.10% and 34.19% in 6.0 mm-length, 21.15% and 27.35% in 5.0 mm-length implants. Overall cumulative survival rate was 97.85%, with 4 implants failing in PP and 3 in NPP, for a respective implant survival of 98.08% and 97.44% (P = 0.70). Crestal bone level variations remained stable after 3 years and were not statistically different among PP and NPP. 15.41% of implants presented signs of mucositis, 14.7% and 16.67% in PP and NPP respectively (P = 0.34). Setting the threshold for bone loss at 2 mm of bone loss after 3 years, peri-implantitis prevalence was 2.2%, with no significant differences (P = 0.69) between PP and NPP, respectively of 1.96% and 2.63%. Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Short-term outcomes suggest that short and ultra-short locking-taper implants can be successfully placed and restored with single crowns in the atrophic posterior jaws both in perio and NO-perio patients. Further investigations with longer follow-up are necessary to validate our results. Keywords: short implant, ultrashort implant, periodontal disease, survival, bone loss