Bees are key regulators in the maintenance of global biodiversity and food security. Overwhelming evidence has shown elevated colony losses for honey bees and a decrease in the abundance of other pollinators. Insecticides of the neonicotinoid type have been associated with these losses, but few studies have explored how residual exposure doses affect the queen’s energy metabolism. Here, we studied how a residual dose of neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), combined with reproductive status (virgin and… CONTINUE READING