This chapter explains one of the hypotheses of the results of a basic research of the Ramírez-Garzón doctoral thesis entitled, “Organizational components that explain the profitability of Colombian SMEs,” which focused on the application of the Model of Modernization for organizational Management (MMOM) and the Return on Assets (ROA) in 144 Colombian SMEs. The chapter affirms there are organizational components that explain profitability in Colombian SMEs as a key factor for business competitiveness. The multiple regression analysis was used as a statistical method to correlate the organizational components of the MOMM and the ROA of those SMEs. It was found that the components that explain preferentially between 20% and 23% the profitability of the companies analyzed in light of the ROA are: strategic direction, production management, human management, logistics, and innovation and knowledge.