Patients undergoing arthroplasty are exposed to different interventions that can lead to renal dysfunction. There is abundant evidence of the incidence and factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI); however, the incidence and the factors associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not clear. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence and associated factors in arthroplasty patients. A systematic review of the literature was carried out following the recommendations of PRISMA and the Cochrane Collaboration (PROSPERO Protocol CRD42018075929). The search was carried out in Medline, Embase, Cochrane and LILACS. No language or date limits were set. Observational studies were included: cases and controls, and cohorts. The revision of titles and abstracts and the reading of the full texts was performed in a paired manner. The quality of the evidence was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. The initial search found 1279 titles and abstracts. We excluded 115 duplicates, and 1153 in the reading of titles and abstracts. Three articles met the inclusion criteria and were of acceptable quality. The incidence of severe CKD after hip or knee arthroplasty was 1.2% at 1 year up to 6.5% at 9 years. The evidence of the incidence and risk factors associated with CKD in patients undergoing arthroplasty is very scarce and heterogeneous. Further primary studies are required in order to have more valid and trustable results.