This chapter identifies central environmental issues related to the armed conflict. It examines the Accord's potential contribution to the positive transformation of environmental problems, and concludes by discussing challenges to the implementation of the peace agreement and environmental peacebuilding. Environmental justice plays a key role, transcending the concern with preservation, in order to include change in the quality of life of populations and communities affected by economic growth and development. This implies recognition of local communities and the promotion of participation, equality, capacity building, and respect for the life options of local communities. According to the United Nations, at least 125 Colombian municipalities of high environmental relevance that have been given priority for the implementation of the Accord will face environmental challenges in the post-conflict. The expectation of environmental peacebuilding through horizontal cooperation and the active participation of citizens in defense of the autonomy of local development may also be at risk.