Colombia,F ARC) and the National Liberation Army (Ejercito de liberación Popular,ELN).At the other end of the political spectrum, we could find rightwing paramilitaries with roots in vigilante groupsset up by landowners and local businessmen for protectionagainst the guerrillas during the eighties.The main groupwas the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia,A UC), which was partially demobilized in 2005 as partofthe Peace and LawProcess.Allparties engaged in the conflict, including the Colombian Armed Forces, have perpetrated numerous human rights violations.Between 1958 and 2012, 220,000 people died in the conflict,m ost of them civilians (180,000), and more than fivemillioncivilianswere displaced fromtheir homes.Paramilitaries are blamedf or massacres, forced disappearances, torture, and sexual violence while guerilla groups are responsible, mostly,for assassinations, kidnapping, and extortion. 1 In October 2012, the governmenta nd the largest rebelgroup,F ARC, launched peace talks.Afinal agreementwas reached by the parties on 26 September,2 016, and signed in Cartagena, Colombia.This agreement, however,had still to be approved by popular vote.In the plebiscite that took place in Colombia on 2October,the "no" vote to reject the accords won by aslight majority(50.21%vs.49.78 %).Only 37.43 %ofColombians turned out to the polls.These resultsare evidence of the highlevelsofpolarization and skepticism that exist among the population and the enormous efforts required in the field of education to overcome the cultural legacies of war and embark upona new path as acountry.As FernµnGonzales, awell known historian whose extensiveacademic work is alreadypartofColombian historiography, stated in an interview about the challenges to be considered and overcome when implementing these agreements, it is crucialto"work with people and help them understand both the causes of the conflict and the benefits the peace process could bring." 2 As asociety, Colombia failed to achieve this before the plebiscite took place. 3