Conscientious objections by parents that their children receive training in certain subjects within the official educational curriculum are increasingly common in plural societies. Such objections are justified by the parents’ right to orient the education of their children according to their convictions. In the present study we analyse the recent judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of January 10th, 2017, to study what rights are in conflict in cases where parents do not want their children to attend swimming classes, sex education, religion, or be instructed about Darwinism. With this in mind, we analyze other relevant judgments of the Court of Strasbourg, the US Supreme Court and the Spanish Constitutional Court.